Assessment of Periwinkle (<i>Tympanotonus fuscatus</i>) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria

Nwankwo Christiana Chika; Nlemanya Chioma Mercy

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11

| Peer-Reviewed

Assessment of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria

Nwankwo Christiana Chika, Nlemanya Chioma Mercy

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 5, Issue 2)

Received: 25 February 2019 Accepted: 4 April 2019 Published: 26 April 2019

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The assessment of periwinkles (Tympanotonus fuscatus) found in crude oil and non-crude oil contaminated area of Rivers State evaluates the physiochemical (Heavy metal, proximate analysis and total petroleum hydrocarbon) and microbial quality of periwinkle samples. The results obtained showed mean Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon values were 0.149999 mg/kg, 0.314500 mg/kg, 0.709996 mg/kg and 0.16398 mg/kg, in Bodo, Cawthorne channel, Okrika and Emohua (control) samples respectively. Heavy metals in contaminated and non–contaminated samples ranged from 10.05-22.00 mg/kg Iron(Fe), 0.25-1.05 mg/kg Zinc (Zn), 0.06-0.23 mg/kg Nickel (Ni), 0.001-0.034 mg/kg Chromium (Cr), 0.003-0.02 mg/kg Cadmium (Cd), 0.0001-0.007 mg/kg Lead (Pb), 2.01-4.02 mg/kg Manganese (Mn) and 1.05-1.97 mg/kg Copper (Cu). The proximate analysis revealed protein, moisture, fiber, ash, lipid and carbohydrate contents of all samples ranged from 23.6-30.2%, 49.0 -60.4%, 2.5-12.3%, 5.0-7.2%, 1.4-3.4% and 2.5% respectively. Total bacterial count, ranged from 5.75x10³-2.37x10⁶ cfu/g in Raw and 2.02x10³-1.49x10⁶ cfu/g in Boiled samples, while the total fungal count ranged from 2.05-3.88x10³ cfu/g and 1.42–2.0x10³ cfu/g in the Raw and Boiled samples respectively.. There was a statistically significant difference in microbial counts between the Raw and Boiled samples from the contaminated sites when compared to the non-contaminated site as p<0.05. The organisms isolated in the study were Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp, Enterobacter sp, Citrobacter sp, Salmonella sp, Shigella sp, Proteus sp, Micrococcus sp, E. coli, Aspergillius sp, Fusarium sp, Saccharomyces sp and Penicillium sp. Periwinkles though, nutritionally valuable had higher microbial load and harbored pathogenic microorganisms which could cause health effect if not properly cooked, the source of periwinkles should be monitored as increase in heavy metal content has toxic effect on health.

Published in	Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 5, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11
Page(s)	32-40
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Crude Oil, Tympanotonus fuscatus, Microorganisms, Proximate Analysis

References

[1]	Cram S, Siebe C, Ortíz-Salinas R, Herre A. Mobility and Persistence of petroleum hydrocarbons in peat soils of South Eastern Mexico. Soil Sed. Contaminat. 2004; 13 (5), 341-360.
[2]	Obire O, Anyanwu EC. Impact of various concentrations of crude oil on fungal populations of soil. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2009; 6: 211–218.
[3]	Villeneuve DS, Khim J, Kannan KP Giesy J. Relative Potencies of Individual Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Induce Dioxin-like and Estrogenic Responses in Three Different Cell Lines. Environmental toxicology. 2002; 17: 128-37. 10.1002/tox.10041.
[4]	Ikenaka Y, Eun H, Watanabe E, Miyabara Y. Sources, Distribution, and Inflow Pattern of Dioxins in the Bottom Sediment of Lake Suwa, Japan. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2005; 75. 915-21. 10.1007/s00128-005-0837-2.
[5]	Oronsaye CG. The effect of transplantation experiment on the shell morph of the shell fish Tympanotonus fuscatus Tropical Ecology 2002; 43 (2): 351-354.
[6]	Odiete WO. Environmental Physiology of Animals and Pollution, 1st ed. Diversified Resources Limited, 1999; Lagos.1-end.
[7]	Frazier WC, Westhoff DC. Spoilage of fish and other seafoods 1988: In Food Microbiology, 4th Edition. McGRaw-Hill Book company, Singapore. 1988; Pp.e45 243-253.
[8]	FAO/WHO Joint food standards program committee on contaminants in food, 2011. 5th Edition.
[9]	Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). Guidelines and standards for environmental pollution Nigeria. 2003; 237-240.33.
[10]	Miebaka M, Ekweozor IKE, Nsirim DN. Assessment of heavy metals and bioaccumulation in Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus Vr radula (L) obtained from upper reaches of the Bonny Estuary, Nigeria Journal of heavy metal toxicity and diseases. 2017; 2: 2-3.
[11]	Ikejimbah, CC, Sakpa SS. Comparartive study of some heavy metals concentration in water and Tympanotonus fuscatus var radula samples of Egbokodo River, Warri, Nigeria. Inter. J. of Modern Bio. 2014; 2: 7-15.
[12]	Ijeomah H, Edet DK, Oruh E, Ijeomah A. Assessment of Heavy Metals in Tissues of Selected Non-Vertebrate Wildlife Species in Oil Polluted Sites of Delta State, Nigeria. 10.5251/abjna. 2015; 6.2.63.73.
[13]	Oluowo EF and Olomukoro, JO. Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in periwinkles (Tympatonus fuscatus) and Blue crab (Callinestes amnicola) harvested from perturbed tropical mangrove forest in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and ecological research international 2017; 11 (1): 1-12.
[14]	Ayenimo JG, Adeeyinwo CE, Amoo IA. Heavy metal pollutants in Warri river, Nigeria. Kragujevac J. sci. 2005; 27:43-50.
[15]	Ololade AI, Lajide LA, Oladoja NA. Investigation of heavy metals of edible marine sea food. African Journal of pure Chemistry. 2008; 2 (12): 121-1.
[16]	Bukola CA, Abiodun AO, Adeniyi AO, Damilola OA. Bacateriology and proximate Analysis of Periwinkle from two Different Creeks in Nigeria. World Applied Sciences Journal, 2006; 1 (2) 87-91.
[17]	Davies OA, Allison ME, Uyi HS. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water Tympanotonus fuscatus varradula) from the Elechi creek, Niger Delta. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2006; 6: 968-973.
[18]	Nrior RR, Iyibo SN, Ngerebara NN. Microbiological assessment of Niger Delta shell sea foods: Periwinke (Tympanotonus Fuscatus), Oyster and veined Rapa Whelk (Rapa na venosa) from crude oil polluted site. Int. J. of current research in multidisciplinary: 2017; 2 (7): 1-9.
[19]	Adebayo-Tayo BC, Abiodun AO, Etuk FI. Studies on microbiological proximate microbial and Heavy metal composition of fresh water snails from Niger Delta Creek in Nigeria. AU. J. T. 2011; 14 (4) 290-298.
[20]	Jay MJ. Modern Food Microbiology 6 An Aspen Publication, 2006.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Nwankwo Christiana Chika, Nlemanya Chioma Mercy. (2019). Assessment of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 5(2), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Nwankwo Christiana Chika; Nlemanya Chioma Mercy. Assessment of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. J. Health Environ. Res. 2019, 5(2), 32-40. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Nwankwo Christiana Chika, Nlemanya Chioma Mercy. Assessment of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. J Health Environ Res. 2019;5(2):32-40. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11,
  author = {Nwankwo Christiana Chika and Nlemanya Chioma Mercy},
  title = {Assessment of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {32-40},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20190502.11},
  abstract = {The assessment of periwinkles (Tympanotonus fuscatus) found in crude oil and non-crude oil contaminated area of Rivers State evaluates the physiochemical (Heavy metal, proximate analysis and total petroleum hydrocarbon) and microbial quality of periwinkle samples. The results obtained showed mean Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon values were 0.149999 mg/kg, 0.314500 mg/kg, 0.709996 mg/kg and 0.16398 mg/kg, in Bodo, Cawthorne channel, Okrika and Emohua (control) samples respectively. Heavy metals in contaminated and non–contaminated samples ranged from 10.05-22.00 mg/kg Iron(Fe), 0.25-1.05 mg/kg Zinc (Zn), 0.06-0.23 mg/kg Nickel (Ni), 0.001-0.034 mg/kg Chromium (Cr), 0.003-0.02 mg/kg Cadmium (Cd), 0.0001-0.007 mg/kg Lead (Pb), 2.01-4.02 mg/kg Manganese (Mn) and 1.05-1.97 mg/kg Copper (Cu). The proximate analysis revealed protein, moisture, fiber, ash, lipid and carbohydrate contents of all samples ranged from 23.6-30.2%, 49.0 -60.4%, 2.5-12.3%, 5.0-7.2%, 1.4-3.4% and 2.5% respectively. Total bacterial count, ranged from 5.75x103-2.37x106 cfu/g in Raw and 2.02x103-1.49x106 cfu/g in Boiled samples, while the total fungal count ranged from 2.05-3.88x103 cfu/g and 1.42–2.0x103 cfu/g in the Raw and Boiled samples respectively.. There was a statistically significant difference in microbial counts between the Raw and Boiled samples from the contaminated sites when compared to the non-contaminated site as pBacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp, Enterobacter sp, Citrobacter sp, Salmonella sp, Shigella sp, Proteus sp, Micrococcus sp, E. coli, Aspergillius sp, Fusarium sp, Saccharomyces sp and Penicillium sp. Periwinkles though, nutritionally valuable had higher microbial load and harbored pathogenic microorganisms which could cause health effect if not properly cooked, the source of periwinkles should be monitored as increase in heavy metal content has toxic effect on health.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria
AU  - Nwankwo Christiana Chika
AU  - Nlemanya Chioma Mercy
Y1  - 2019/04/26
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 32
EP  - 40
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11
AB  - The assessment of periwinkles (Tympanotonus fuscatus) found in crude oil and non-crude oil contaminated area of Rivers State evaluates the physiochemical (Heavy metal, proximate analysis and total petroleum hydrocarbon) and microbial quality of periwinkle samples. The results obtained showed mean Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon values were 0.149999 mg/kg, 0.314500 mg/kg, 0.709996 mg/kg and 0.16398 mg/kg, in Bodo, Cawthorne channel, Okrika and Emohua (control) samples respectively. Heavy metals in contaminated and non–contaminated samples ranged from 10.05-22.00 mg/kg Iron(Fe), 0.25-1.05 mg/kg Zinc (Zn), 0.06-0.23 mg/kg Nickel (Ni), 0.001-0.034 mg/kg Chromium (Cr), 0.003-0.02 mg/kg Cadmium (Cd), 0.0001-0.007 mg/kg Lead (Pb), 2.01-4.02 mg/kg Manganese (Mn) and 1.05-1.97 mg/kg Copper (Cu). The proximate analysis revealed protein, moisture, fiber, ash, lipid and carbohydrate contents of all samples ranged from 23.6-30.2%, 49.0 -60.4%, 2.5-12.3%, 5.0-7.2%, 1.4-3.4% and 2.5% respectively. Total bacterial count, ranged from 5.75x103-2.37x106 cfu/g in Raw and 2.02x103-1.49x106 cfu/g in Boiled samples, while the total fungal count ranged from 2.05-3.88x103 cfu/g and 1.42–2.0x103 cfu/g in the Raw and Boiled samples respectively.. There was a statistically significant difference in microbial counts between the Raw and Boiled samples from the contaminated sites when compared to the non-contaminated site as pBacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp, Enterobacter sp, Citrobacter sp, Salmonella sp, Shigella sp, Proteus sp, Micrococcus sp, E. coli, Aspergillius sp, Fusarium sp, Saccharomyces sp and Penicillium sp. Periwinkles though, nutritionally valuable had higher microbial load and harbored pathogenic microorganisms which could cause health effect if not properly cooked, the source of periwinkles should be monitored as increase in heavy metal content has toxic effect on health.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Nwankwo Christiana Chika

School of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Nlemanya Chioma Mercy

School of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Nwankwo Christiana Chika, Nlemanya Chioma Mercy. (2019). Assessment of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 5(2), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Nwankwo Christiana Chika; Nlemanya Chioma Mercy. Assessment of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. J. Health Environ. Res. 2019, 5(2), 32-40. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Nwankwo Christiana Chika, Nlemanya Chioma Mercy. Assessment of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. J Health Environ Res. 2019;5(2):32-40. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11,
  author = {Nwankwo Christiana Chika and Nlemanya Chioma Mercy},
  title = {Assessment of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {32-40},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20190502.11},
  abstract = {The assessment of periwinkles (Tympanotonus fuscatus) found in crude oil and non-crude oil contaminated area of Rivers State evaluates the physiochemical (Heavy metal, proximate analysis and total petroleum hydrocarbon) and microbial quality of periwinkle samples. The results obtained showed mean Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon values were 0.149999 mg/kg, 0.314500 mg/kg, 0.709996 mg/kg and 0.16398 mg/kg, in Bodo, Cawthorne channel, Okrika and Emohua (control) samples respectively. Heavy metals in contaminated and non–contaminated samples ranged from 10.05-22.00 mg/kg Iron(Fe), 0.25-1.05 mg/kg Zinc (Zn), 0.06-0.23 mg/kg Nickel (Ni), 0.001-0.034 mg/kg Chromium (Cr), 0.003-0.02 mg/kg Cadmium (Cd), 0.0001-0.007 mg/kg Lead (Pb), 2.01-4.02 mg/kg Manganese (Mn) and 1.05-1.97 mg/kg Copper (Cu). The proximate analysis revealed protein, moisture, fiber, ash, lipid and carbohydrate contents of all samples ranged from 23.6-30.2%, 49.0 -60.4%, 2.5-12.3%, 5.0-7.2%, 1.4-3.4% and 2.5% respectively. Total bacterial count, ranged from 5.75x103-2.37x106 cfu/g in Raw and 2.02x103-1.49x106 cfu/g in Boiled samples, while the total fungal count ranged from 2.05-3.88x103 cfu/g and 1.42–2.0x103 cfu/g in the Raw and Boiled samples respectively.. There was a statistically significant difference in microbial counts between the Raw and Boiled samples from the contaminated sites when compared to the non-contaminated site as pBacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp, Enterobacter sp, Citrobacter sp, Salmonella sp, Shigella sp, Proteus sp, Micrococcus sp, E. coli, Aspergillius sp, Fusarium sp, Saccharomyces sp and Penicillium sp. Periwinkles though, nutritionally valuable had higher microbial load and harbored pathogenic microorganisms which could cause health effect if not properly cooked, the source of periwinkles should be monitored as increase in heavy metal content has toxic effect on health.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria
AU  - Nwankwo Christiana Chika
AU  - Nlemanya Chioma Mercy
Y1  - 2019/04/26
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 32
EP  - 40
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11
AB  - The assessment of periwinkles (Tympanotonus fuscatus) found in crude oil and non-crude oil contaminated area of Rivers State evaluates the physiochemical (Heavy metal, proximate analysis and total petroleum hydrocarbon) and microbial quality of periwinkle samples. The results obtained showed mean Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon values were 0.149999 mg/kg, 0.314500 mg/kg, 0.709996 mg/kg and 0.16398 mg/kg, in Bodo, Cawthorne channel, Okrika and Emohua (control) samples respectively. Heavy metals in contaminated and non–contaminated samples ranged from 10.05-22.00 mg/kg Iron(Fe), 0.25-1.05 mg/kg Zinc (Zn), 0.06-0.23 mg/kg Nickel (Ni), 0.001-0.034 mg/kg Chromium (Cr), 0.003-0.02 mg/kg Cadmium (Cd), 0.0001-0.007 mg/kg Lead (Pb), 2.01-4.02 mg/kg Manganese (Mn) and 1.05-1.97 mg/kg Copper (Cu). The proximate analysis revealed protein, moisture, fiber, ash, lipid and carbohydrate contents of all samples ranged from 23.6-30.2%, 49.0 -60.4%, 2.5-12.3%, 5.0-7.2%, 1.4-3.4% and 2.5% respectively. Total bacterial count, ranged from 5.75x103-2.37x106 cfu/g in Raw and 2.02x103-1.49x106 cfu/g in Boiled samples, while the total fungal count ranged from 2.05-3.88x103 cfu/g and 1.42–2.0x103 cfu/g in the Raw and Boiled samples respectively.. There was a statistically significant difference in microbial counts between the Raw and Boiled samples from the contaminated sites when compared to the non-contaminated site as pBacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp, Enterobacter sp, Citrobacter sp, Salmonella sp, Shigella sp, Proteus sp, Micrococcus sp, E. coli, Aspergillius sp, Fusarium sp, Saccharomyces sp and Penicillium sp. Periwinkles though, nutritionally valuable had higher microbial load and harbored pathogenic microorganisms which could cause health effect if not properly cooked, the source of periwinkles should be monitored as increase in heavy metal content has toxic effect on health.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download