The Relationship Between the Ratio of Interleukin-10(IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) with <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Density in Nigerian Children

Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam; Agomo Chimere Obiora; Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka; Iroegbu Uchechi Francis; Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth; Nnadozie Raymond Ikechukwu; Dunga Kingsly Excell; Okoro Oluchi Ijeoma

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14

The Relationship Between the Ratio of Interleukin-10(IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) with Plasmodium falciparum Density in Nigerian Children

Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam, Agomo Chimere Obiora, Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka, Iroegbu Uchechi Francis, Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth, Nnadozie Raymond Ikechukwu, Dunga Kingsly Excell, Okoro Oluchi Ijeoma

Published in European Journal of Preventive Medicine (Volume 6, Issue 4)

Received: 18 July 2018 Accepted: 20 August 2018 Published: 8 October 2018

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Abstract

Circulating levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α have been shown to correlate with disease severity in African children. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) production appears to be important in the induction and maintenance of immunity to P. falciparum in naturally exposed populations.TNF-α induces fever, and elevated body temperatures can suppress parasitemia. Although TNF-α-induced mechanisms can serve the host to control infection, prolonged exposure to TNF-α may adversely affect the individual by inducing or promoting severe disease. The present study was conducted among children in Imo State, South Eastern Nigeria between July 2014 and March 2015, with a view to assessing the relationship between Plasmodium falciparum density and the ratio of inter-leukin 10(IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Blood samples were taken from children aged 1-72 months with fever or history of fever in the last 24 hours whose caregivers consented to the study.Malaria parasite density was determined by microscopy while the serum and/or plasma levels of cytokine by ELISA method.The geometric mean of IL-10/TNF-α ratios of 1.9pg/ml,2.0pg/ml and 1.3pg/ml were recorded for parasite density groups of 1-1000, 1001 – 10000 and >10,000 parasites/µlrespectively. IL-10/TNF-α ratio significantly decreased at high parasite density group (>10,000 parasites/µl) compared to lower parasite density groups (p=0.008). The IL-10/TNFα ratio in parasitized and healthy control groups were 3.4pg/ml and 1.8 pg/ml, respectively (P<0.05). Although significant increases in concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-α were observed among parasitized children compared to healthy controls, the reduction in IL-10/TNF-α among parasitized individuals suggests a much larger increase in the concentration of TNF-α compared to IL-10 in response to the presence of malaria parasites. Among parasitized children, IL-10/TNF-α ratio decreased as parasite density increased. Thus, IL-10/TNF-α ration may be a marker of severity of malaria infection among Nigerian children.

Published in	European Journal of Preventive Medicine (Volume 6, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14
Page(s)	58-63
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α), Interleukin 10(IL-10), Malaria Parasite Density, IL-10/TNF-α Ratio

References

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[3]	Kremsner P G, Neifer S, Chaves MF, Rudolph R, Bienzle U. Interferon-gammainduced lethality in the late phase of Plasmodium vinckei malaria despite effective parasiteclearance by chloroquine. European Journal of Immunology, 1992. 22, 2873-8.
[4]	Waki S, Uehara S, Kanbe K, Ono, K, Suzuki M, Nariuchi H. The role of T cells in pathogenesis and protective immunity to murine malaria. Immunology, 1992. 75, 646–651.
[5]	Jacobs-Lorena, M. and Oo, M-M. The peritrophic matrix of insects. in: B.J. Beaty, W. Marquardt (Eds.) The Biology of Disease Vectors. University Press of Colorado, 1996: 318–332
[6]	Iñigo Angulo1 and Manuel FresnoCytokines in the Pathogenesis of and Protection against MalariaClin Vaccine Immunol November 2002 vol. 9 no. 6 1145-1152
[7]	Kurtzhals JA, Adabayeri V, Goka BQ, et al. Low plasma concentrations of interleukin 10 in severe malarial anaemia compared with cerebral and uncomplicated malaria. Lancet1998; 351: 1768 –1772.
[8]	Othoro C, Lal AA, Nahlen B, Koech D, Orago AS &Udhayakumar V. A low interleukin-10 tumor necrosis factor-alpha ratio is associated with malaria anemia in children residing in a holoendemic malaria region in western Kenya. J InfectDis1999; 179: 279 – 282.
[9]	Cheesbrough M. Biochemical tests to identify bacteria. In: Laboratory practice in tropical countries, Cambridge edn. 2002. pp. 36-70.
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[12]	Hugosson, E., Montgomery, S., Premji, Z., Troye-Blomberg, M., Bjorkman, A. Higher IL-10 levels are associated with less effective clearance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. ParasiteImmunology, 2004; 26(3), 111-117.
[13]	luty AJ, Perkins DJ, Lell B, et al.Low interleukin-12 activity in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 3909 – 3915.
[14]	Sandrine LydieOyegue-Liabagui, AlineGaëlleBouopda-Tuedom, Lady CharlèneKouna, Sydney Maghendji-Nzondo, Herman Nzoughe, Nina Tchitoula-Makaya, Irene Pegha-Moukandja, and Jean-Bernard Lekana-DoukiPro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in children with malaria in Franceville, GabonAm J ClinExpImmunol.2017; 6(2): 9–20.
[15]	May J, Falusi AG, MockenhauptFP.Impact of subpatent multi‐species and multi‐clonal plasmodial infections on anaemia in children from Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene2000; 94, 399–403.
[16]	McGuire, W., U. D'Alessandro, S. Stephens, B. O. Olaleye, P. Langerock, B. M. Greenwood, and D. Kwiatkowski.1998. Levels of tumour necrosis factor and soluble TNF receptors during malaria fever episodes in the community. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.92:50-5.

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APA Style

Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam, Agomo Chimere Obiora, Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka, Iroegbu Uchechi Francis, Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth, et al. (2018). The Relationship Between the Ratio of Interleukin-10(IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) with Plasmodium falciparum Density in Nigerian Children. European Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6(4), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14

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ACS Style

Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam; Agomo Chimere Obiora; Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka; Iroegbu Uchechi Francis; Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth, et al. The Relationship Between the Ratio of Interleukin-10(IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) with Plasmodium falciparum Density in Nigerian Children. Eur. J. Prev. Med. 2018, 6(4), 58-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14

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AMA Style

Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam, Agomo Chimere Obiora, Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka, Iroegbu Uchechi Francis, Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth, et al. The Relationship Between the Ratio of Interleukin-10(IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) with Plasmodium falciparum Density in Nigerian Children. Eur J Prev Med. 2018;6(4):58-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14,
  author = {Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam and Agomo Chimere Obiora and Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka and Iroegbu Uchechi Francis and Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth and Nnadozie Raymond Ikechukwu and Dunga Kingsly Excell and Okoro Oluchi Ijeoma},
  title = {The Relationship Between the Ratio of Interleukin-10(IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) with Plasmodium falciparum Density in Nigerian Children},
  journal = {European Journal of Preventive Medicine},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {58-63},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejpm.20180604.14},
  abstract = {Circulating levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α have been shown to correlate with disease severity in African children. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) production appears to be important in the induction and maintenance of immunity to P. falciparum in naturally exposed populations.TNF-α induces fever, and elevated body temperatures can suppress parasitemia. Although TNF-α-induced mechanisms can serve the host to control infection, prolonged exposure to TNF-α may adversely affect the individual by inducing or promoting severe disease. The present study was conducted among children in Imo State, South Eastern Nigeria between July 2014 and March 2015, with a view to assessing the relationship between Plasmodium falciparum density and the ratio of inter-leukin 10(IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Blood samples were taken from children aged 1-72 months with fever or history of fever in the last 24 hours whose caregivers consented to the study.Malaria parasite density was determined by microscopy while the serum and/or plasma levels of cytokine by ELISA method.The geometric mean of IL-10/TNF-α ratios of 1.9pg/ml,2.0pg/ml and 1.3pg/ml were recorded for parasite density groups of 1-1000, 1001 – 10000 and >10,000 parasites/µlrespectively. IL-10/TNF-α ratio significantly decreased at high parasite density group (>10,000 parasites/µl) compared to lower parasite density groups (p=0.008). The IL-10/TNFα ratio in parasitized and healthy control groups were 3.4pg/ml and 1.8 pg/ml, respectively (P<0.05). Although significant increases in concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-α were observed among parasitized children compared to healthy controls, the reduction in IL-10/TNF-α among parasitized individuals suggests a much larger increase in the concentration of TNF-α compared to IL-10 in response to the presence of malaria parasites. Among parasitized children, IL-10/TNF-α ratio decreased as parasite density increased. Thus, IL-10/TNF-α ration may be a marker of severity of malaria infection among Nigerian children.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Relationship Between the Ratio of Interleukin-10(IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) with Plasmodium falciparum Density in Nigerian Children
AU  - Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam
AU  - Agomo Chimere Obiora
AU  - Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka
AU  - Iroegbu Uchechi Francis
AU  - Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth
AU  - Nnadozie Raymond Ikechukwu
AU  - Dunga Kingsly Excell
AU  - Okoro Oluchi Ijeoma
Y1  - 2018/10/08
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14
T2  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JF  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JO  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
SP  - 58
EP  - 63
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8230
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14
AB  - Circulating levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α have been shown to correlate with disease severity in African children. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) production appears to be important in the induction and maintenance of immunity to P. falciparum in naturally exposed populations.TNF-α induces fever, and elevated body temperatures can suppress parasitemia. Although TNF-α-induced mechanisms can serve the host to control infection, prolonged exposure to TNF-α may adversely affect the individual by inducing or promoting severe disease. The present study was conducted among children in Imo State, South Eastern Nigeria between July 2014 and March 2015, with a view to assessing the relationship between Plasmodium falciparum density and the ratio of inter-leukin 10(IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Blood samples were taken from children aged 1-72 months with fever or history of fever in the last 24 hours whose caregivers consented to the study.Malaria parasite density was determined by microscopy while the serum and/or plasma levels of cytokine by ELISA method.The geometric mean of IL-10/TNF-α ratios of 1.9pg/ml,2.0pg/ml and 1.3pg/ml were recorded for parasite density groups of 1-1000, 1001 – 10000 and >10,000 parasites/µlrespectively. IL-10/TNF-α ratio significantly decreased at high parasite density group (>10,000 parasites/µl) compared to lower parasite density groups (p=0.008). The IL-10/TNFα ratio in parasitized and healthy control groups were 3.4pg/ml and 1.8 pg/ml, respectively (P<0.05). Although significant increases in concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-α were observed among parasitized children compared to healthy controls, the reduction in IL-10/TNF-α among parasitized individuals suggests a much larger increase in the concentration of TNF-α compared to IL-10 in response to the presence of malaria parasites. Among parasitized children, IL-10/TNF-α ratio decreased as parasite density increased. Thus, IL-10/TNF-α ration may be a marker of severity of malaria infection among Nigerian children.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam

Department of Microbiology/Parasitology, Federal Medical Center, Owerri, Nigeria
Agomo Chimere Obiora

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
Iroegbu Uchechi Francis

Department of Paediatrics, Federal Medical Center, Owerri, Nigeria
Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth

Department of Paediatrics, Federal Medical Center, Owerri, Nigeria
Nnadozie Raymond Ikechukwu

Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
Dunga Kingsly Excell

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Madonna University, Elele, Nigeria
Okoro Oluchi Ijeoma

Department of Microbiology, Beulah Medical Diagnostics and Research, Owerri, Nigeria

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APA Style

Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam, Agomo Chimere Obiora, Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka, Iroegbu Uchechi Francis, Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth, et al. (2018). The Relationship Between the Ratio of Interleukin-10(IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) with Plasmodium falciparum Density in Nigerian Children. European Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6(4), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14

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ACS Style

Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam; Agomo Chimere Obiora; Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka; Iroegbu Uchechi Francis; Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth, et al. The Relationship Between the Ratio of Interleukin-10(IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) with Plasmodium falciparum Density in Nigerian Children. Eur. J. Prev. Med. 2018, 6(4), 58-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14

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AMA Style

Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam, Agomo Chimere Obiora, Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka, Iroegbu Uchechi Francis, Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth, et al. The Relationship Between the Ratio of Interleukin-10(IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) with Plasmodium falciparum Density in Nigerian Children. Eur J Prev Med. 2018;6(4):58-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14,
  author = {Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam and Agomo Chimere Obiora and Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka and Iroegbu Uchechi Francis and Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth and Nnadozie Raymond Ikechukwu and Dunga Kingsly Excell and Okoro Oluchi Ijeoma},
  title = {The Relationship Between the Ratio of Interleukin-10(IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) with Plasmodium falciparum Density in Nigerian Children},
  journal = {European Journal of Preventive Medicine},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {58-63},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejpm.20180604.14},
  abstract = {Circulating levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α have been shown to correlate with disease severity in African children. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) production appears to be important in the induction and maintenance of immunity to P. falciparum in naturally exposed populations.TNF-α induces fever, and elevated body temperatures can suppress parasitemia. Although TNF-α-induced mechanisms can serve the host to control infection, prolonged exposure to TNF-α may adversely affect the individual by inducing or promoting severe disease. The present study was conducted among children in Imo State, South Eastern Nigeria between July 2014 and March 2015, with a view to assessing the relationship between Plasmodium falciparum density and the ratio of inter-leukin 10(IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Blood samples were taken from children aged 1-72 months with fever or history of fever in the last 24 hours whose caregivers consented to the study.Malaria parasite density was determined by microscopy while the serum and/or plasma levels of cytokine by ELISA method.The geometric mean of IL-10/TNF-α ratios of 1.9pg/ml,2.0pg/ml and 1.3pg/ml were recorded for parasite density groups of 1-1000, 1001 – 10000 and >10,000 parasites/µlrespectively. IL-10/TNF-α ratio significantly decreased at high parasite density group (>10,000 parasites/µl) compared to lower parasite density groups (p=0.008). The IL-10/TNFα ratio in parasitized and healthy control groups were 3.4pg/ml and 1.8 pg/ml, respectively (P<0.05). Although significant increases in concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-α were observed among parasitized children compared to healthy controls, the reduction in IL-10/TNF-α among parasitized individuals suggests a much larger increase in the concentration of TNF-α compared to IL-10 in response to the presence of malaria parasites. Among parasitized children, IL-10/TNF-α ratio decreased as parasite density increased. Thus, IL-10/TNF-α ration may be a marker of severity of malaria infection among Nigerian children.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Relationship Between the Ratio of Interleukin-10(IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) with Plasmodium falciparum Density in Nigerian Children
AU  - Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam
AU  - Agomo Chimere Obiora
AU  - Ihenetu Francis Chukwuebuka
AU  - Iroegbu Uchechi Francis
AU  - Odinaka Kelechi Kenneth
AU  - Nnadozie Raymond Ikechukwu
AU  - Dunga Kingsly Excell
AU  - Okoro Oluchi Ijeoma
Y1  - 2018/10/08
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14
T2  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JF  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JO  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
SP  - 58
EP  - 63
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8230
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20180604.14
AB  - Circulating levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α have been shown to correlate with disease severity in African children. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) production appears to be important in the induction and maintenance of immunity to P. falciparum in naturally exposed populations.TNF-α induces fever, and elevated body temperatures can suppress parasitemia. Although TNF-α-induced mechanisms can serve the host to control infection, prolonged exposure to TNF-α may adversely affect the individual by inducing or promoting severe disease. The present study was conducted among children in Imo State, South Eastern Nigeria between July 2014 and March 2015, with a view to assessing the relationship between Plasmodium falciparum density and the ratio of inter-leukin 10(IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Blood samples were taken from children aged 1-72 months with fever or history of fever in the last 24 hours whose caregivers consented to the study.Malaria parasite density was determined by microscopy while the serum and/or plasma levels of cytokine by ELISA method.The geometric mean of IL-10/TNF-α ratios of 1.9pg/ml,2.0pg/ml and 1.3pg/ml were recorded for parasite density groups of 1-1000, 1001 – 10000 and >10,000 parasites/µlrespectively. IL-10/TNF-α ratio significantly decreased at high parasite density group (>10,000 parasites/µl) compared to lower parasite density groups (p=0.008). The IL-10/TNFα ratio in parasitized and healthy control groups were 3.4pg/ml and 1.8 pg/ml, respectively (P<0.05). Although significant increases in concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-α were observed among parasitized children compared to healthy controls, the reduction in IL-10/TNF-α among parasitized individuals suggests a much larger increase in the concentration of TNF-α compared to IL-10 in response to the presence of malaria parasites. Among parasitized children, IL-10/TNF-α ratio decreased as parasite density increased. Thus, IL-10/TNF-α ration may be a marker of severity of malaria infection among Nigerian children.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

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