Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study

Muhammad Aslam Mirza; Muhammad Aziz Choudhary; Muhammad Yar Khuhawar; Rafee Arain; Asima Naz; Kauser Yasmeen

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16

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Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study

Muhammad Aslam Mirza, Muhammad Aziz Choudhary, Muhammad Yar Khuhawar, Rafee Arain, Asima Naz, Kauser Yasmeen

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 4, Issue 3)

Received: 16 April 2015 Accepted: 29 April 2015 Published: 12 May 2015

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Abstract

The lakes of Kashmir are generally shallow and situated in flood plans of the river Jhelum. In most of the lakes, thermal stratification is uncommon, and stable stratification occurs only in deeper lakes such as Manabal and Mangla lakes having depth within the range 12-30 m. Anthropogenic contamination of lakes water is one of the concerns that have received attention at local, regional and global levels due to their toxicological impacts and importance in ecosystems. This preliminary study was designed to investigate the comparative physicochemical profile of the water of Mangla, Baghsar and Benjosa lakes of Kashmir. Twenty six parameters including alkalinity, salinity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), chloride, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu were recorded. Suitability of lakes water for irrigation was checked by using US Salinity diagram, permeability index (PI) and Wilcox diagram. Cluster analysis was carried out to investigate the similarity levels among the selected parameters. Piper’s diagram, sodium percentage and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) data served as information tool to understand the ecological status of the water of lakes. COD and BOD patterns in Mangla and Baghsar lakes indicated dual anoxic conditions of the water-rock soil interface and anthropogenic impact while Banjosa showed aerobic activity at the interface. Increasing rate of tourist traffic and greater habitational influence seems to be a major factor contributing towards raising trophic levels of these lakes.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 4, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16
Page(s)	152-162
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Kashmir Lakes, Mangla, Baghsar, Banjosa, Physicochemical Study of Lakes

References

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APA Style

Muhammad Aslam Mirza, Muhammad Aziz Choudhary, Muhammad Yar Khuhawar, Rafee Arain, Asima Naz, et al. (2015). Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(3), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16

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ACS Style

Muhammad Aslam Mirza; Muhammad Aziz Choudhary; Muhammad Yar Khuhawar; Rafee Arain; Asima Naz, et al. Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2015, 4(3), 152-162. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16

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AMA Style

Muhammad Aslam Mirza, Muhammad Aziz Choudhary, Muhammad Yar Khuhawar, Rafee Arain, Asima Naz, et al. Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study. Am J Environ Prot. 2015;4(3):152-162. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16,
  author = {Muhammad Aslam Mirza and Muhammad Aziz Choudhary and Muhammad Yar Khuhawar and Rafee Arain and Asima Naz and Kauser Yasmeen},
  title = {Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {152-162},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20150403.16},
  abstract = {The lakes of Kashmir are generally shallow and situated in flood plans of the river Jhelum. In most of the lakes, thermal stratification is uncommon, and stable stratification occurs only in deeper lakes such as Manabal and Mangla lakes having depth within the range 12-30 m. Anthropogenic contamination of lakes water is one of the concerns that have received attention at local, regional and global levels due to their toxicological impacts and importance in ecosystems. This preliminary study was designed to investigate the comparative physicochemical profile of the water of Mangla, Baghsar and Benjosa lakes of Kashmir. Twenty six parameters including alkalinity, salinity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), chloride, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu were recorded. Suitability of lakes water for irrigation was checked by using US Salinity diagram, permeability index (PI) and Wilcox diagram. Cluster analysis was carried out to investigate the similarity levels among the selected parameters. Piper’s diagram, sodium percentage and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) data served as information tool to understand the ecological status of the water of lakes. COD and BOD patterns in Mangla and Baghsar lakes indicated dual anoxic conditions of the water-rock soil interface and anthropogenic impact while Banjosa showed aerobic activity at the interface. Increasing rate of tourist traffic and greater habitational influence seems to be a major factor contributing towards raising trophic levels of these lakes.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study
AU  - Muhammad Aslam Mirza
AU  - Muhammad Aziz Choudhary
AU  - Muhammad Yar Khuhawar
AU  - Rafee Arain
AU  - Asima Naz
AU  - Kauser Yasmeen
Y1  - 2015/05/12
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 152
EP  - 162
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16
AB  - The lakes of Kashmir are generally shallow and situated in flood plans of the river Jhelum. In most of the lakes, thermal stratification is uncommon, and stable stratification occurs only in deeper lakes such as Manabal and Mangla lakes having depth within the range 12-30 m. Anthropogenic contamination of lakes water is one of the concerns that have received attention at local, regional and global levels due to their toxicological impacts and importance in ecosystems. This preliminary study was designed to investigate the comparative physicochemical profile of the water of Mangla, Baghsar and Benjosa lakes of Kashmir. Twenty six parameters including alkalinity, salinity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), chloride, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu were recorded. Suitability of lakes water for irrigation was checked by using US Salinity diagram, permeability index (PI) and Wilcox diagram. Cluster analysis was carried out to investigate the similarity levels among the selected parameters. Piper’s diagram, sodium percentage and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) data served as information tool to understand the ecological status of the water of lakes. COD and BOD patterns in Mangla and Baghsar lakes indicated dual anoxic conditions of the water-rock soil interface and anthropogenic impact while Banjosa showed aerobic activity at the interface. Increasing rate of tourist traffic and greater habitational influence seems to be a major factor contributing towards raising trophic levels of these lakes.
VL  - 4
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Muhammad Aslam Mirza

Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur AJK, Pakistan
Muhammad Aziz Choudhary

Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur AJK, Pakistan
Muhammad Yar Khuhawar

Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Rafee Arain

Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Asima Naz

Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur AJK, Pakistan
Kauser Yasmeen

Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

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APA Style

Muhammad Aslam Mirza, Muhammad Aziz Choudhary, Muhammad Yar Khuhawar, Rafee Arain, Asima Naz, et al. (2015). Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(3), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16

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ACS Style

Muhammad Aslam Mirza; Muhammad Aziz Choudhary; Muhammad Yar Khuhawar; Rafee Arain; Asima Naz, et al. Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2015, 4(3), 152-162. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16

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AMA Style

Muhammad Aslam Mirza, Muhammad Aziz Choudhary, Muhammad Yar Khuhawar, Rafee Arain, Asima Naz, et al. Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study. Am J Environ Prot. 2015;4(3):152-162. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16,
  author = {Muhammad Aslam Mirza and Muhammad Aziz Choudhary and Muhammad Yar Khuhawar and Rafee Arain and Asima Naz and Kauser Yasmeen},
  title = {Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {152-162},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20150403.16},
  abstract = {The lakes of Kashmir are generally shallow and situated in flood plans of the river Jhelum. In most of the lakes, thermal stratification is uncommon, and stable stratification occurs only in deeper lakes such as Manabal and Mangla lakes having depth within the range 12-30 m. Anthropogenic contamination of lakes water is one of the concerns that have received attention at local, regional and global levels due to their toxicological impacts and importance in ecosystems. This preliminary study was designed to investigate the comparative physicochemical profile of the water of Mangla, Baghsar and Benjosa lakes of Kashmir. Twenty six parameters including alkalinity, salinity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), chloride, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu were recorded. Suitability of lakes water for irrigation was checked by using US Salinity diagram, permeability index (PI) and Wilcox diagram. Cluster analysis was carried out to investigate the similarity levels among the selected parameters. Piper’s diagram, sodium percentage and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) data served as information tool to understand the ecological status of the water of lakes. COD and BOD patterns in Mangla and Baghsar lakes indicated dual anoxic conditions of the water-rock soil interface and anthropogenic impact while Banjosa showed aerobic activity at the interface. Increasing rate of tourist traffic and greater habitational influence seems to be a major factor contributing towards raising trophic levels of these lakes.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study
AU  - Muhammad Aslam Mirza
AU  - Muhammad Aziz Choudhary
AU  - Muhammad Yar Khuhawar
AU  - Rafee Arain
AU  - Asima Naz
AU  - Kauser Yasmeen
Y1  - 2015/05/12
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 152
EP  - 162
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16
AB  - The lakes of Kashmir are generally shallow and situated in flood plans of the river Jhelum. In most of the lakes, thermal stratification is uncommon, and stable stratification occurs only in deeper lakes such as Manabal and Mangla lakes having depth within the range 12-30 m. Anthropogenic contamination of lakes water is one of the concerns that have received attention at local, regional and global levels due to their toxicological impacts and importance in ecosystems. This preliminary study was designed to investigate the comparative physicochemical profile of the water of Mangla, Baghsar and Benjosa lakes of Kashmir. Twenty six parameters including alkalinity, salinity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), chloride, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu were recorded. Suitability of lakes water for irrigation was checked by using US Salinity diagram, permeability index (PI) and Wilcox diagram. Cluster analysis was carried out to investigate the similarity levels among the selected parameters. Piper’s diagram, sodium percentage and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) data served as information tool to understand the ecological status of the water of lakes. COD and BOD patterns in Mangla and Baghsar lakes indicated dual anoxic conditions of the water-rock soil interface and anthropogenic impact while Banjosa showed aerobic activity at the interface. Increasing rate of tourist traffic and greater habitational influence seems to be a major factor contributing towards raising trophic levels of these lakes.
VL  - 4
IS  - 3
ER  -

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