Seasonality Induced Marginality: Vulnerability of Wage Earners’ Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Bangladesh

Mohammad Monirul Hasan

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14

| Peer-Reviewed

Seasonality Induced Marginality: Vulnerability of Wage Earners’ Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Bangladesh

Mohammad Monirul Hasan

Published in American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 2, Issue 4)

Received: 30 May 2014 Accepted: 13 June 2014 Published: 30 June 2014

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The paper examines the impact of wage-earning occupation in the food and nutrition security of the rural households’ which is partly rooted in the process of marginalization due to seasonality. Seasonality is obvious in the nature but it becomes a problem for those individuals who are heavily dependent on it and they don’t have any other buffering system to mitigate this shock such as savings, credit and social security. The result depicts that for being a wage-earner in agriculture, the vulnerability of food and nutrition security increases by 9% to 12.4% which are statistically significant at 5% level of significance. Marginalized households face seasonality every year and they lose their valuable assets to mitigate the adverse effect of natural calamities and idiosyncratic shocks. As a result the instrument to mitigate this seasonality becomes scarce and ineffective which results malnutrition and food insecurity. Because whenever the households do not have any other coping strategy, they just skip meals and start starving for the extended periods.

Published in	American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 2, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14
Page(s)	121-128
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Seasonality, Marginality, Food and Nutrition Security, Propensity Score Matching, Bangladesh

References

[1]	Khander, S.R., Khalily, B., and Samad, A., “Vulnerability to seasonal hunger and its mitigation in northwest Bangladesh”, Working Paper No. 4, 2010, Institute of Microfinance (InM).
[2]	Chaudhuri, S and Paxon, C., “Smoothing consumption under income seasonality: Buffer stock vs. credit.” Colombia University, Department of Economics, Discussion paper series, 2001.
[3]	Sahn, D. E., ed. Seasonal Variability in the Thirld World Agriculture: The Conse-quences for Food Security. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1989.
[4]	Paxon, C., “Consumption and Income Seasonality in Thailand”, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 101, no. 1:39-72.
[5]	Dercon, S., & Krishnan, P., “Vulnerability, seasonality and poverty in Ethiopia”. Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 366, No. 6:2000, pp 25–53.
[6]	Friedman, M., A theory of the consumption functions. Princeton University Press. 1-6, 1957.
[7]	Townsend, R. M., “Consumption insurance: An evaluation of risk-bearing systems in low income economies”. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(3):1995,pp 83-102.
[8]	Rosenzweig, M., “Risk, Implicit Contracts and the Family in Rural Areas of Low-income Countries”, Economic Journal, Vol. 98, No. 393: 1988, pp1148-1170.
[9]	Rosenzweig, M and Wolpin, K., “Credit Market Constraints, Consumption Smoothing and the Accumulation of Durable Production Assets in Low-Income Countries: Investment in Bullocks in India”, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 101, No. 2: 1993, pp223-244.
[10]	Pitt, M., & Khandker, S., “Credit programmes for the poor and seasonality in rural Bangladesh”. Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2:2001, pp 1-24.
[11]	Sen, A., Poverty and Famines: An essay on entitlement and deprivation. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 1981.
[12]	Von Braun, Joachim and Gatzweiler, Franz W., Marginality: Addressing the Nexus of Poverty, Exclusion and Ecology, Springer. 2014.
[13]	Conning, J., & Udry, C., “Rural financial markets in developing countries”. Handbook of Agricultural Economics, 3, 2007: pp2857-2908.
[14]	Morduch, J., “Income smoothing and consumption smoothing.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(3), 1995:pp103-114.
[15]	Dercon, S., and Krishnan, P., “Vul-nerability, seasonality and poverty in Ethiopia”, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 366, No. 6, 2000, pp. 25–53.
[16]	Duflo, E., & Udry, C. Intra-household resource allocation in Cote d'Ivoire: Social norms, separate accounts and consumption choices (NBER Working Paper No. w10498).2004.
[17]	Goldstein, M. Intrahousehold efficiency and individual insurance in Ghana. London School of Economics Working Paper no.DEDPS38. 2004.
[18]	Deaton, A. “Saving and liquidity constraints”. Econometrica, 59(5),1991:pp 1221-1248.
[19]	Morduch, J., Risk, production and saving: Theory and evidence from Indian households. Harvard University, Manuscript. 1990.
[20]	Paxson, C. “Using weather variability to estimate the response of savings to transitory income in Thailand”. American Economic Review, 82(1),1992:pp 15-33.
[21]	Armendariz, A., and Morduch, J., The economics of microfinance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 2005.
[22]	Kochar, A. “Explaining household vulnerability to idiosyncratic income shocks”. American Economic Review, 85(2), 1995: pp159-1964.
[23]	InM, “PRIME intervention in the coastal areas of south-west Bangladesh”, Institute of Microfinance (InM), 2011.
[24]	Pangaribowo, E. H., Gerber, N. and Torero, M. Food and Nutrition Security Indicators: A Review, Working paper 108, Center for Development Research (ZEF) 2013, Germa-ny.
[25]	Hasan, Mohammad Monirul. Climate Change Induced Marginality: Households’ Vul-nerability in the Meal Consumption Frequencies. American Journal of Environmental Protection. Vol. 3, No. 3, 2014, pp. 103-112. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.11
[26]	Hasan, M Monirul, “Does credit improve the food consumption vulnerability of the extreme poor? - Empirical evi-dence from Bangladesh”, MPRA Paper No. 28192. 2010. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28192/1/MPRA_paper_28192.pdf
[27]	Khandker, S. R., Koolwal, G.B., and Samad, H. A., Handbook of impact evaluation- quantitative methods and prac-tices. The World Bank. 2010.
[28]	Godtland, E., Elisabeth, S., Alain, J., Rinku, M., and Oscar, O., “The impact of farmer- field-schools on knowledge and productivity: A study of potato farmers in the Peruvian Andes”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52 (1), 2004, pp. 129 58.
[29]	Heckman, J., Ichimura, H., and Petra T., “Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator”, Review of Economic Studies, 65 (2), 1998, pp. 261–94.
[30]	Caliendo, M., and Kopeinig, S., “Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 22 (1), 2008, pp. 31–72.
[31]	Jalan, J., & Ravallion, M., “Transient poverty in post-reform rural China”, Journal of Comparative, Vol. 26, No. 2:1998, pp338-387.
[32]	Hasan, M. Monirul, “Determinants of Food Consumption Vulnerability of the Extreme Poor- Empirical Evidence from Southern Bangladesh”, Erasmus Mundus AFEPA 2011-13, University Catholique de Louvain, Belgium. 2013.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mohammad Monirul Hasan. (2014). Seasonality Induced Marginality: Vulnerability of Wage Earners’ Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Bangladesh. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2(4), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Mohammad Monirul Hasan. Seasonality Induced Marginality: Vulnerability of Wage Earners’ Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Bangladesh. Am. J. Agric. For. 2014, 2(4), 121-128. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Mohammad Monirul Hasan. Seasonality Induced Marginality: Vulnerability of Wage Earners’ Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Bangladesh. Am J Agric For. 2014;2(4):121-128. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14,
  author = {Mohammad Monirul Hasan},
  title = {Seasonality Induced Marginality: Vulnerability of Wage Earners’ Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Bangladesh},
  journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {121-128},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20140204.14},
  abstract = {The paper examines the impact of wage-earning occupation in the food and nutrition security of the rural households’ which is partly rooted in the process of marginalization due to seasonality. Seasonality is obvious in the nature but it becomes a problem for those individuals who are heavily dependent on it and they don’t have any other buffering system to mitigate this shock such as savings, credit and social security. The result depicts that for being a wage-earner in agriculture, the vulnerability of food and nutrition security increases by 9% to 12.4% which are statistically significant at 5% level of significance. Marginalized households face seasonality every year and they lose their valuable assets to mitigate the adverse effect of natural calamities and idiosyncratic shocks. As a result the instrument to mitigate this seasonality becomes scarce and ineffective which results malnutrition and food insecurity. Because whenever the households do not have any other coping strategy, they just skip meals and start starving for the extended periods.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Seasonality Induced Marginality: Vulnerability of Wage Earners’ Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Bangladesh
AU  - Mohammad Monirul Hasan
Y1  - 2014/06/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14
T2  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JF  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JO  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
SP  - 121
EP  - 128
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8591
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14
AB  - The paper examines the impact of wage-earning occupation in the food and nutrition security of the rural households’ which is partly rooted in the process of marginalization due to seasonality. Seasonality is obvious in the nature but it becomes a problem for those individuals who are heavily dependent on it and they don’t have any other buffering system to mitigate this shock such as savings, credit and social security. The result depicts that for being a wage-earner in agriculture, the vulnerability of food and nutrition security increases by 9% to 12.4% which are statistically significant at 5% level of significance. Marginalized households face seasonality every year and they lose their valuable assets to mitigate the adverse effect of natural calamities and idiosyncratic shocks. As a result the instrument to mitigate this seasonality becomes scarce and ineffective which results malnutrition and food insecurity. Because whenever the households do not have any other coping strategy, they just skip meals and start starving for the extended periods.
VL  - 2
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Mohammad Monirul Hasan

Department of Economic and Technological Change, Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mohammad Monirul Hasan. (2014). Seasonality Induced Marginality: Vulnerability of Wage Earners’ Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Bangladesh. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2(4), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Mohammad Monirul Hasan. Seasonality Induced Marginality: Vulnerability of Wage Earners’ Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Bangladesh. Am. J. Agric. For. 2014, 2(4), 121-128. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Mohammad Monirul Hasan. Seasonality Induced Marginality: Vulnerability of Wage Earners’ Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Bangladesh. Am J Agric For. 2014;2(4):121-128. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14,
  author = {Mohammad Monirul Hasan},
  title = {Seasonality Induced Marginality: Vulnerability of Wage Earners’ Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Bangladesh},
  journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {121-128},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20140204.14},
  abstract = {The paper examines the impact of wage-earning occupation in the food and nutrition security of the rural households’ which is partly rooted in the process of marginalization due to seasonality. Seasonality is obvious in the nature but it becomes a problem for those individuals who are heavily dependent on it and they don’t have any other buffering system to mitigate this shock such as savings, credit and social security. The result depicts that for being a wage-earner in agriculture, the vulnerability of food and nutrition security increases by 9% to 12.4% which are statistically significant at 5% level of significance. Marginalized households face seasonality every year and they lose their valuable assets to mitigate the adverse effect of natural calamities and idiosyncratic shocks. As a result the instrument to mitigate this seasonality becomes scarce and ineffective which results malnutrition and food insecurity. Because whenever the households do not have any other coping strategy, they just skip meals and start starving for the extended periods.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Seasonality Induced Marginality: Vulnerability of Wage Earners’ Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Bangladesh
AU  - Mohammad Monirul Hasan
Y1  - 2014/06/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14
T2  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JF  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JO  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
SP  - 121
EP  - 128
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8591
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20140204.14
AB  - The paper examines the impact of wage-earning occupation in the food and nutrition security of the rural households’ which is partly rooted in the process of marginalization due to seasonality. Seasonality is obvious in the nature but it becomes a problem for those individuals who are heavily dependent on it and they don’t have any other buffering system to mitigate this shock such as savings, credit and social security. The result depicts that for being a wage-earner in agriculture, the vulnerability of food and nutrition security increases by 9% to 12.4% which are statistically significant at 5% level of significance. Marginalized households face seasonality every year and they lose their valuable assets to mitigate the adverse effect of natural calamities and idiosyncratic shocks. As a result the instrument to mitigate this seasonality becomes scarce and ineffective which results malnutrition and food insecurity. Because whenever the households do not have any other coping strategy, they just skip meals and start starving for the extended periods.
VL  - 2
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download